Yu, Qian
Song, Hui
Shi, Xiao-ya
Zhu, Liang
Liang, Yu
Gong, Rui-ning
Dong, Xiao-wu
Liu, Shang-long
Wang, Hai-zhen
Wang, Ying-luo
Cui, Jiu-fa
Yang, Xiao-nan
Chen, Ying
Gao, Chao
Yang, Zhan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4639-7303
Zhu, Qing-tian
Li, Chang
Zhang, Huan
Ying, Jie-er
Zheng, Mei-fang
Tian, Yan-tao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7189-3999
Hu, Hai-tao
Shao, Xin-xin
Li, Yue
Mo, Ming-guang
Lu, Yun
Ma, Zheng
Fu, Shun-li
Niu, Qing-hui
Liao, Yuan-yu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-1361
Zhao, Chen-yang
Liu, Xin
Saluja, Ashok K.
Wang, Ji-gang
Li, Xiao-yu
Guo, Song-yue
Wang, Wei-hua
Wang, Song
Liu, Bin
Lu, Guo-tao
Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Revised: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Competing interests
: Y. Li is affiliated with Immunophage Biotech Co., Ltd, while M.G. Mo works at Cobio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Both researchers supply the drug IPG1576 in this research work. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest to declare.
: This retrospective clinical study received approval from the National Health Commission Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. QYFYEC2024-50). The use of human liver tissues was additionally approved by the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. QYFYWZLL28018). All animal studies have been approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Approval No. AHQU-MAL20231113).