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Authors
Ruders, Josephine Hallundbæk
Ahmad, Shamaila Munir
Mortensen, Rasmus Erik Johansson
Met, Özcan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1379-2647
Byrdal, Mikkel https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1744-1069
Chen, Inna Markovna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-0762
Theile, Susann
Holmström, Morten Orebo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-8578
Andersen, Mads Hald https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2914-9605
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Revised: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Competing interests
: Mads Hald Andersen has developed inventions utilizing peptides derived from TGFβ for vaccination purposes and for predicting patient treatment responses. By the Danish Law of Public Inventions at Public Research Institutions, the rights to the invention have been assigned to Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev. The Capital Region of Denmark subsequently assigned these rights to IO Biotech, which filed the corresponding patent application. Mads Hald Andersen is a founder of IO Biotech, serves on its scientific advisory board, and is a shareholder. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: Regarding the healthy donor samples, per Danish Law on Research Ethics (§14, Section 3), anonymized material does not require ethics approval.This study included patient samples and was approved under Clinical Study Protocol CheckPAC, Version 5 (12 March 2021). Ethical and regulatory approvals were obtained from the Danish Medicines Authority (Lægemiddelstyrelsen; EudraCT No. 2016-001883-12), the Regional Ethics Committee for the Capital Region of Denmark (ID H-16031247), and the Danish Knowledge Centre for Data Reviews (Videnscenter for Dataanmeldelser; journal no. P-2021-216). All participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki prior to participation.
