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Article History

Received: 9 September 2025

Revised: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Competing interests

: I.M., M.A., O.M., and G.K. are the inventors of patents covering the therapeutic utility of ACBP/DBI neutralization. I.M. is a consultant for Osasuna Therapeutics. G.K. has been holding research contracts with Daiichi Sankyo, Eleor, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys, and Vascage. G.K. is on the Board of Directors of the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France. G.K. is a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, and Therafast Bio. G.K. is on the scientific advisory boards of Hevolution, Institut Servier, and Rejuveron Life Sciences/Centenara Labs AG. G.K. is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis, and metabolic disorders. G.K. is a member of the Editorial Board of Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, yet was not involved in the peer review or the decision-making of the article. G.K.’s brother, Romano Kroemer, was an employee of Sanofi and now consults for Boehringer-Ingelheim. G.K.’s wife, Laurence Zitvogel, has held research contracts with Glaxo Smith Kline, Incyte, Lytix, Kaleido, Innovate Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Pilege, Merus, Transgene, 9 m, Tusk, and Roche, was on the Board of Directors of Transgene, is a co-founder of everImmune, and holds patents covering the treatment of cancer and the therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota. The funders had no role in the design of the study, the writing of the manuscript, or the decision to publish the results. The authors declare no other competing interests.