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Article History

Received: 22 November 2024

Revised: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 4 May 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was granted for this study by institute’s ethics committee of Changhai Hospital. (Ethical number: CHEC2002-077) After review, this research strictly follows the principles of fairness and justice, fully reflects the rights and interests of the subjects, and ensures that the research will not put the subjects at unreasonable risk. The whole project will not involve animal experiments. This project conforms to the current medical ethical research policies and regulations of China. The privacy rights of human subjects always be observed.

: The study was pre-registered at institute’s ethics committee of Changhai Hospital. The analysis plan was registered prior to beginning data collection at institute’s ethics committee of Changhai Hospital. A total sample size of 30 subjects was planned to allow a model development set of 25 participants and an independent validation set of 5 participants, yielding >80% prognostic accuracy for (primary clinical outcome) with a p-value < 0.05. Participants were not told the results of their prognostic assessments. Final clinical outcome assessments and adjudications were performed by team members blinded to relevant characteristics of the participants. All data used to develop prognostic models are available from GEO database (GSE151371). The key inclusion criteria and outcome evaluations are established standards. Replication by the study group was performed as part of this study. The datasets underlying this article were derived from sources in the public domain: Gene Expression Omnibus, ; Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury, . Author(s)/Creator(s): R Core Team Date: 2023 Title/Software name: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Version: 4.3.1 Publication venue: R Foundation for Statistical Computing URL: . Author(s)/Creator(s): Python Software Foundation Date: 2014 Title / Software name: Python Version: 3.4.0 Publication venue: Python Software Foundation URL: . This paper will be published under a Creative Commons Open Access license, and upon publication will be freely available at .