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Authors
Guan, Qi
Hogan, Mary-Ellen
Calzavara, Andrew
McCormack, Daniel
Lofters, Aisha K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-0894
Patel, Tejal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3002-8306
Hitzig, Sander L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9139-9250
Packer, Tanya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-7691
Guilcher, Sara J. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9552-9139
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Revised: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 15 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: ICES is a prescribed entity under Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). Section 45 of PHIPA authorizes ICES to collect personal health information, without consent, for the purpose of analysis or compiling statistical information with respect to the management of, evaluation or monitoring of, the allocation of resources to or planning for all or part of the health system. Projects that use data collected by ICES under section 45 of PHIPA, and use no other data, are exempt from REB review. The use of the data in this project is authorized under section 45 and approved by ICES’ Privacy and Legal Office which does not require review by a Research Ethics Board. However, this study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the University of Toronto. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
