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Authors
Gebeyehu, Teleale F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0596-2615
Sabbaghalvani, Mohammad Amin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-4940
Failla, Giovanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-3129
Kabani, Ashmal S. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0521-9587
Shah, Yashvi https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6346-5909
Kharichev, Alexander https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9868-3758
Dian, Joshua A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2193-4916
Matsoukas, Stavros https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-0637
Vaccaro, Alexander R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8073-0796
Schroeder, Gregory D.
Prasad, Srinivas K.
Jallo, Jack https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-1729
Heller, Joshua E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3403-2556
Fehlings, Michael G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5722-6364
Harrop, James S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0943-3406
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Revised: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: Teleale F. Gebeyehu - None; Mohammad Amin Sabbaghalvani - None; Giovanna Failla - None; Ashmal S. Kabani - None; Yashvi Shah - None; Alexander Kharichev - None; Joshua Dian - None; Stavros Matsoukas - None Alexander R. Vaccaro - Receives royalties from Stryker, Globus, Medtronic, Atlas Spine, Alphatec Spine, SpineWave, Spinal Elements, Curiteva, Elsevier, Jaypee, Stout Medical, Taylor Francis/Hodder and Stoughton, Wolters Kluwer, Wheel House Medical, and Thieme; has stock or stock options in Accelus, Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Atlas Spine, Avaz Surgical, AVKN Patient Driven Care, Cytonics, Deep Health, Dimension Orthotics LLC, Electrocore, Flagship Surgical, FlowPharma, Rothman Institute and Related Properties, Globus, Harvard MedTech, Innovative Surgical Design, Jushi (Haywood), Orthobullets, Parvizi Surgical Innovation, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Sentryx, Stout Medical, See All AI, and ViewFi Health; is a consultant for Curiteva, Medcura, Stryker, Globus, Spinal Elements, Accelus, Wheel House Medical, and Ferring Pharmaceutical; Serves on Scientific Advisory Board / Board of Directors / Committee for National Spine Health Foundation (NSHF), Sentryx, and Accelus; and is a member in good standing/independent contractor for AO Spine Gregory D. Schroeder - Consults for camber spine, AO Spine; Research support from AO Spine; Editor in Chief Clinical Spine surgery; Royalties for camber spine; Ownership in Rothman institute, Rothman ASCs, Harmoni Neuromonitoring, comprehensive spinal solutions; Family member with ownership in Altus Spine. Srinivas K. Prasad – Received grants from AO Spine and NREF for spine fellowship funding; Royalties from Striker Spine; Consulting Fees from MiRUS Spine, Stryker Spine and Depuy Synthes; Received Honoraria from Depuy Synthes and Striker Spine. Jack Jallo - None; Joshua Heller - None; James Harrop – None. Michael G. Fehlings – Co-author of this study and editor-in-Chief of Spinal Cord. He was not involved in handling this manuscript during the submission and review processes.
