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Authors
Cao, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0003
DiPiro, Nicole D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1459-4690
Krause, James S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-5389
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90DPCP0009)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90IF0112)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90IF0015)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90DPCP0009)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90IF0112)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90IF0015)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90DPCP0009)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90IF0112)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | ACL | National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90IF0015)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Revised: 30 January 2026
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Medical University of South Carolina (Pro00104901). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, with a waiver of written informed consent approved by the IRB.
