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Authors
Alvarez-Madrid, Elsa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-6794
Herrity, April
Rich, Carla
Brothers, Kyle
Harkema, Susan
Hubscher, Charles
Ugiliweneza, Beatrice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7334-6924
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
DOD | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-19-1-0734)
Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Revised: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethics approval was given by the Institutional Review Board at the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center at the University of Louisville (Registration #19.0435). Participants were previously enrolled in the TS-EPI study (Institutional Review Board approval #16.0179). Informed consent was obtained from all participants for both studies.
