Hajto, Jacek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-4246
Piechota, Marcin
Krätschmer, Ilse https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-9259
Konowalska, Paula
Boyle, Gabriel E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-5787
Fowler, Douglas M.
Borczyk, Malgorzata https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4304-8384
Korostynski, Michal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-7401
Article History
Received: 26 July 2025
Revised: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Competing interests
: MP and MK are founders of the bioinformatics company Intelliseq SA. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
: The UK Biobank has obtained approval from the North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee as a Research Tissue Bank approval (references: 11/NW/0382, 16/NW/0274, and 21/NW/0157). This approval covers all researchers using the UK Biobank resource under an approved application; therefore, separate ethical approval was not required for this study. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study.