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Authors
Smieszek, Sandra P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8006-0454
Chadwick, Sean R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-7983
Czeisler, Emily L.
Torres, Rosarelis
Bai, Haimeng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-0813
Xiao, Changfu
Polymeropoulos, Christos M.
Birznieks, Gunther
Polymeropoulos, Mihael H.
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2024
Revised: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Competing interests
: Authors are employees of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.
: The study protocols and all amendments were reviewed by the Independent Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board for each center in each study. The studies from which samples were obtained was conducted according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardian in writing before any study-specific procedures were performed.
: The sponsor was responsible for the design, analysis, interpretation, and publication of the clinical trials. Final approval for the decisions to submit the manuscript was the sole decision of the authors.
: Drs Smieszek, Chadwick, Bai, Torres, Xiao, C. Polymeropoulos, M. Polymeropoulos, Mr Birznieks and Ms Czeisler are full time employees of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. and may hold company stock and/or stock options.
