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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Revised: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to the conception, execution, or publication of this study. The study did not receive financial support from any pharmaceutical company. GHC Genetics provided pharmacogenetic testing kits for a portion of the patient cohort included in the study; the company had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript preparation, or the decision to submit the article. IT was invited by GHC Genetics to deliver a lecture on pharmacogenetics in psychiatry at a local congress commemorating 100 years of the Psychiatric hospital in Opařany (Czech Republic). This lecture had a regional focus and was unrelated to the present study. MH is a member of CPIC. NS has nothing to declare.

: The study received approval from the Ethical Committee of Psychiatric Hospital Bohnice, Prague (Approval No. PNBek7/2024). All data were fully anonymised prior to analysis and were managed in accordance with ethical and institutional standards. Since the study involved a retrospective evaluation of anonymised clinical data, patient consent for the study was not required. Consent for the PGx testing was obtained from all patients and documented in their medical records.

: The data analysed in this study originate from original clinical observations and internal analyses conducted within the study’s framework. All tables and figures included in the manuscript were created by the authors and have not been reproduced or modified from previously published works.