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Article History

Received: 7 November 2018

Revised: 10 January 2019

Accepted: 11 February 2019

First Online: 3 April 2019

Conflict of interest

: Funding for this work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (IRP-NIMH-NIH; ZIA MH002927). All support given to authors was not related to the design of the manuscript or the ideas stated in this review. Dr. Kasper received grants/research support, consulting fees, and/or honoraria within the last 3 years from Angelini, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen, KRKA-Pharma, Lundbeck, Neuraxpharm, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Schwabe, and Servier. Dr. Lanzenberger received travel grants and/or conference speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Lundbeck A/S, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH, Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, and Roche Austria GmbH. Dr. Kraus has received travel grants from Roche Austria GmbH and AOP Orphan. Dr. Zarate is a full-time U.S government employee. He is listed as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of ketamine in major depression and suicidal ideation; as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of (2<i>R</i>,6<i>R</i>)-hydroxynorketamine, (<i>S</i>)-dehydronorketamine, and other stereoisomeric dehydro and hydroxylated metabolites of (<i>R,S</i>)-ketamine metabolites in the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain; and as a co-inventor on a patent application for the use of (2<i>R</i>,6<i>R</i>)-hydroxynorketamine and (2<i>S</i>,6<i>S</i>)-hydroxynorketamine in the treatment of depression, anxiety, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and post-traumatic stress disorders. He has assigned his patent rights to the U.S. government but will share a percentage of any royalties that may be received by the government.