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Article History

Received: 4 November 2022

Revised: 20 January 2023

Accepted: 24 January 2023

First Online: 1 February 2023

Competing interests

: FC reports grants from Ontario Ministry of Health Innovation Grant, grants from ResMed Foundation and University Health Network Foundation, and consultation fees from Takeda Pharma, outside the submitted work. CE reports grants from the Wellcome Trust and NIHR (HTA) and is a co-founder and a shareholder in Big Health, outside of the submitted work. YI reports personal fees and other from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Eisai, other from Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Japan, grants from Koike Medical, personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and grants from Philips Japan, outside the submitted work. A-ML reports personal fees from Takeda, Jazz Pharmaceuticals and UCB, as well as a research grant from Aoporphan drugs. DL reports grants from Philips (Netherlands), grants from Vanda (USA), grants from Sanofi, grants from VitalAire International, grants from Merck, and grants from Janssen, Jazz, and TYTHM outside the submitted work. KM reports personal fees from Eisai, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mochida, MSD, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work. CMM reports research grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Eisai, Idorsia, and Lallemand Health, consulting fees from Eisai, Idorsia, Pear Therapeutics and Sunovion, and royalties from Mapi Research Trust, all outside the submitted work. MP reports personal fees and other from Bioprojet, other from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from UCBPharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees and other from MSD, personal fees from Orion, and personal fees and other from Umecrine, outside the submitted work. TP reports personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bayer Healthcare, personal fees from Neuwirth, and personal fees from Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work, and shareholder of The Siestagroup GmbH, Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, Nukute. GP reports personal fees from UCB pharma, personal fees from Jazz pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bioprojet, personal fees from Idorsia, and personal fees from Takeda, outside the submitted work. YKW reports grants from Research Grant Council General Research Fund, grants from Health and Medical Research Fund, personal fees from Eisai Co., Ltd., and other from Lundbeck HK Limited, outside the submitted work. LDeG reports personal fees from Idorsia, outside the submitted work. BB reports that he has served as consultant for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Cura of Sweden, and received honoraria for lectures from Sanofi-Aventis and AGB-Pharma AB. BH reports minor funding from the City of Vienna, Department for Cultural Affairs, Science and Research. YD is a consultant for and has participated in advisory boards for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma, Avadel, Harmony Biosciences, Idorsia, Orexia, Takeda, Paladin, and Bioprojet. CB reports that he served as a paid member of a scientific advisory board for Repha GmBH, Langenhagen, Germany. All others have nothing to disclose.