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Article History

Received: 24 October 2022

Revised: 19 February 2023

Accepted: 23 February 2023

First Online: 3 March 2023

Competing interests

: XL received research grants from Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau (HMRF, HKSAR), Research Grants Council Early Career Scheme (RGC/ECS, HKSAR), Research Impact Fund (RGC/RIF, HKSAR), Janssen, Pfizer and Hong Kong Association of Pharmaceutical Industry; internal funding from the University of Hong Kong; consultancy fee from Merck Sharp & Dohme, unrelated to this work; HL received research grants Research Grants Council Early Career Scheme (RGC/ECS, HKSAR) unrelated to this work. SSM Chan received research support from GRF, Research Grant Council; HMRF, Food and Health Bureau. ICK Wong received research funding outside the submitted work from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, Takeda, the Hong Kong RGC, and the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia. He is also a non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong and a consultant to the World Health Organisation. VKYC, CSL, WWYY, KP, XT and MPS Lam reported no biomedical financial interests or potential competing interests.

: This study obtained ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board via The University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong Western Cluster (UW 20-218). Patient identification was anonymised to protect confidentiality and patient consent was not required.