Jiang, Xinyue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-7780
Zai, Clement C. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0496-7262
Kennedy, Kody G. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-188X
Zou, Yi http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9288-7275
Nikolova, Yuliya S. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-3723
Felsky, Daniel http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-9848
Young, L. Trevor
MacIntosh, Bradley J.
Goldstein, Benjamin I. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0340-349X
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (84414, MOP 136947)
Ontario Mental Health Foundation
Article History
Received: 23 March 2023
Revised: 14 September 2023
Accepted: 20 September 2023
First Online: 18 October 2023
Competing interests
: Dr. Clement C. Zai receives an honorarium for a Medscape review on bipolar disorder genetics. Dr. Benjamin I. Goldstein acknowledges his position as RBC Investments Chair in Children’s Mental Health and Developmental Psychopathology at CAMH, a joint Hospital-University Chair between the University of Toronto, CAMH, and the CAMH Foundation. All other authors report no actual or potential conflict of interests.
: Consent was obtained from all participants and their parent and/or guardian prior to participating. Ethical approval was granted by Sunnybrook Research Institute Research Ethics Board (REB # 408–2011 and 409–2013). All data was collected at Sunnybrook Research Institute. However, all data was transferred with the Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder’s relocation to the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). Thus, ethics approval was also granted by CAMH Research Ethics Board (REB # 168/2020 and 165/2020).