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Article History

Received: 4 February 2024

Revised: 17 July 2024

Accepted: 30 July 2024

First Online: 6 August 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The individual-level scRNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and bulk RNA-seq data, were sourced from the PsychENCODE Consortium () under application account fzhxjtu@synapse.org(SynID:syn5553626). In detail, the scRNA-seq data were obtained from SingleCellRNAseq study of the PsychENCODE Consortium. Neurotypical control tissue samples used in this study were obtained from various sources. Tissue was collected after obtaining parental or next of kin consent and with approval by the institutional review boards at the Yale University School of Medicine, and at each institution from which tissue specimens were obtained. Tissue was handled in accordance with ethical guidelines and regulations for the research use of human brain tissue set forth by the NIH and the WMA Declaration of Helsinki. Both ATAC-seq and bulk RNA-seq data were derived from the BrainGVEX study of the PsychENCODE Consortium. The BrainGVEX study utilizes well-characterized postmortem human brain samples from the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) and Banner Sun Health Research Institute (BSHRI). Ethical approval for the SMRI samples was granted based on Swedish regulations (Ethical Research Committee Ups dnr 99277) and from the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC #17826). For the BSHRI samples, ethical approval was secured for all subjects via Institutional Review Board-approved protocols and informed consent documents (Western IRB, Puyallup, WA; protocols 1132516 and 20201852).