Worf, Karolina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-3873
Matosin, Natalie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-1311
Gerstner, Nathalie
Fröhlich, Anna S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-924X
Koller, Anna C.
Degenhardt, Franziska
Thiele, Holger
Rietschel, Marcella https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5236-6149
Udawela, Madhara
Scarr, Elizabeth
Dean, Brian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7773-4473
Theis, Fabian J.
Mueller, Nikola S.
Knauer-Arloth, Janine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-4279
Article History
Received: 25 May 2024
Revised: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2025
First Online: 19 April 2025
Competing interests
: F.J.T. consults for Immunai Inc., CytoReason Ltd, Cellarity, BioTuring Inc., and Genbio.AI Inc., and has an ownership interest in Dermagnostix GmbH and Cellarity. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. For Dataset 1, postmortem brains were collected with approval from the Ethics Committee of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 1 and this study was further approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Melbourne Health []. For Dataset 2a, ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committees at the University of Wollongong (HE2018/351) and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (17-085 and 18-393). Two publicly available datasets (Dataset 2b and 2c) were used, and ethical approval for these studies was obtained by the original data generators. For Dataset 1, written informed consent was obtained from the next of kin for all tissue donations. For Dataset 2a, all donors provided written informed consent for brain donation prior to their death, which was subsequently confirmed by their next of kin.