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Authors
Rivi, Veronica
Sarti, Pierfrancesco https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4342-8641
Fodor, Istvan
Pirger, Zsolt https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-6966
Koene, Joris M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-3439
Pani, Luca
Batabyal, Anuradha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3373-5519
Lukowiak, Ken
Blom, Johanna Maria Catharina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-1964
Tascedda, Fabio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-004X
Benatti, Cristina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-9525
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Revised: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2025
First Online: 22 May 2025
Competing interests
: We declare we have no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required for experiments involving Lymnaea stagnalis, as this species is an invertebrate and not subject to regulations under current animal welfare legislation (e.g., EU Directive 2010/63/EU). Nonetheless, all procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of ethical research and animal welfare. The study adhered to the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) to ensure responsible use of animals in research. The number of animals used was minimized without compromising scientific validity, and all efforts were made to ensure animal well-being. Snails were maintained under optimal conditions, including clean, oxygenated water, appropriate nutrition, and low-density housing, to reduce stress and promote natural behavior. Importantly, the experimental procedures used in this study were non-invasive; snails were not sacrificed and displayed normal behavior following testing, indicating minimal impact on their well-being.
