Shi, Yingjie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-6340
Mota, Nina Roth https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3504-759X
Franke, Barbara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-6572
Sprooten, Emma
Funding for this research was provided by:
Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (847879, 847879, 101057529)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH124851, R01MH124851)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (024.005.011)
Article History
Received: 21 May 2024
Revised: 16 May 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 7 July 2025
Competing interests
: BF has received educational speaking fees from Medice GmbH. All other authors report no potential conflicts of interest.
: All methods described in the manuscript were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. UK Biobank has approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC) as a Research Tissue Bank (RTB) approval. An electronic signed consent was obtained from the participants. The overall protocol of the ABCD Study was approved by the centralized Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Diego. Participants and their caregivers in the studies provided written or verbal informed consent, as appropriate.