Neufeld, Janina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-526X
van Leeuwen, Tessa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-6348
Kuja-Halkola, Ralf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3765-2067
Lundström, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-8499
Larsson, Henrik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-3297
Lichtenstein, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-5287
Bölte, Sven https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-4970
Mataix-Cols, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-0924
Taylor, Mark J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5161-4182
Funding for this research was provided by:
Riksbankens Jubileumsfond
Article History
Received: 11 November 2024
Revised: 11 May 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 12 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interests with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. S.B. discloses that he has in the last 3 years acted as an author, consultant, or lecturer for Medice and LinusBio. He receives royalties for textbooks and diagnostic tools from Hogrefe, UTB, Ernst Reinhardt, Kohlhammer, and Liber. He is partner NeuroSupportSolutions International AB. H.L. reports receiving grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals; personal fees from and serving as a speaker for Medice, Shire/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB; and sponsorship for a conference on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from Shire/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB, all outside the submitted work. H.L. is editor-in-chief of JCPP Advances. J.N. is editorial board member at Scientific Reports, T.M.v.L is action editor at Perception/iPerception (SAGE).
: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Swedish law with regard to personal data handling; and was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Authority in Stockholm and the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr: 2010/1410-31/1; Dnr: 2018/141-32). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.