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Authors
Lin, Chieh-Hsin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-6964
Lane, Hsien-Yuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-8174
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health Research Institutes (NHRI-EX113-11133NI)
China Medical University Hospital (DMR-114-188)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 111-2314-B-182A-024-MY3)
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG8M1311, CMRPG8M1361, CMRPG8N1201, CMRPG8N1121, CMRPG8N1212, CMRPG8M1311, CMRPG8M1361, CMRPG8N1201, CMRPG8N1121, CMRPG8N1212)
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Article History
Received: 1 February 2025
Revised: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 29 July 2025
First Online: 5 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (201405724A3C504), Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (CMUH104‐REC2‐090) and Institutional Review Board of Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Taiwan (104039).
