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Authors
Vedechkina, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-5195
Holmes, Joni
Warrier, Varun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-8571
Astle, Duncan E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7042-5392
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2024
Revised: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 4 August 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The current study involves secondary analysis of data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The ABCD Study obtained ethics approval from a central Institutional Review Board (University of California, San Diego) and site-specific ethics boards. Written informed consent and assent were obtained from parents/guardians and participants, respectively. The ABCD data accessed and analyzed in this study are fully anonymized and publicly available, and their use for secondary analysis was reviewed and approved under the original ABCD ethics protocols.
