Mountford, Hayley S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-6326
Eising, Else https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-1260
Fontanillas, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-4454
Auton, Adam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1630-1225
,
Aslibekyan, Stella
Bell, Robert K.
Kukar Bond, Katelyn
Cochinwala, Zayn
Das, Sayantan
de Brito, Kahsaia
DelloRusso, Emily
Eijsbouts, Chris
Elson, Sarah L.
German, Chris
Granka, Julie M.
Hicks, Barry
Hinds, David A.
Jabal, Reza
Khan, Aly
Kmiecik, Matthew J.
Kwong, Alan
Liang, Yanyu
Lin, Keng-Han
McIntyre, Matthew H.
Saini, Shubham
Shastri, Anjali J.
Shi, Jingchunzi
Shringarpure, Suyash
Su, Qiaojuan Jane
Tran, Vinh
Tung, Joyce Y.
Weldon, Catherine H.
Xu, Wanwan
Irving-Pease, Evan K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-2192
Doust, Catherine
Bates, Timothy C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1153-9007
Martin, Nicholas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Fisher, Simon E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-1996
Luciano, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-3008
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/T000813/1)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Dutch Research Council
Article History
Received: 19 March 2024
Revised: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 5 August 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Competing interests
: PF, AA and the 23andMe Research Team are employed by and hold stock or stock options in 23andMe, Inc. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: The study made use of existing data sets with all original studies stating relevant ethical approval and informed consent from participants. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the University of Edinburgh School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences research ethics committee (PPLSREC 29-1819/8), and was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.