Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 May 2024

Revised: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 17 August 2025

First Online: 6 October 2025

Competing interests

: AB declares honoraria as a Joint Editor of JCPP Advances. SC, NIHR Research Professor (NIHR303122) is funded by the NIHR for this research project. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NHS or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. SC is also supported by NIHR grants NIHR203684, NIHR203035, NIHR130077, NIHR128472, RP-PG-0618-20003 and by grant 101095568-HORIZONHLTH- 2022-DISEASE-07-03 from the European Research Executive Agency. SC has declared reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses from the Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health (ACAMH) in relation to lectures delivered for ACAMH, the Canadian AADHD Alliance Resource, the British Association of Psychopharmacology, and from Healthcare Convention for educational activity on ADHD, and has received honoraria from Medice. DM was funded by two IMI initiatives (EU AIMS and AIMS-2-TRIALS) under grant agreements no.115300 and no 777394. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Ethical approval REC number: 12/LO/0630. All participants provided written consent.