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Authors
Duan, Zhuo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-0815
Tong, Yixin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-607X
Coenen, Volker A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1703-6283
Döbrössy, Máté D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0187-2252
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
EU Horizon EIC-PATHFINDER
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2024
Revised: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We confirm that all methods used in the study adhered to the relevant international guidelines, including the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, the International Association for Study of Pain and ARRIVE guidelines. The study used live vertebrates. No human subjects were used in the study. Furthermore, we confirm that all methods used in the study were approved by the local regulatory body governing animal research in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, the Regierungspräsidium Freiburg. The ethics committee permit numbers specific to the study were TVA G21-144 and G20-97.
