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Article History

Received: 23 May 2025

Revised: 28 July 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Competing interests

: Moritz Spangemacher, Dr. Xenia Marlene Hart, Prof. Dr. Paul Cumming, Luca V. Färber and Christian Schmitz have no conflicts of interest. Prof. Dr. Uchida has received grants from Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Mochida, Otsuka, and Sumitomo Pharma; speaker’s fees from Eisai, Janssen, Lundbeck, Meiji Seika Pharma, Otsuka, and Sumitomo Pharma; and advisory board fees from Lundbeck, Sumitomo Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, and Boehringer Ingelheim Japan. For the past three years, GG has been working as advisor for AbbVie (Chicago, USA), Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim, Germany), the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG, Cologne, Deutschland), Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, USA), Lundbeck (Copenhagen, Denmark), MindMed (New York, USA), Otsuka (Chiyoda, Japan), Recordati (Milan, Italy), Roche (Basel, Switzerland), and ROVI (Madrid, Spain). He received speaker honoraria from Gedeon Richter (Budapest, Hungary), Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Recordati. He has received research funding from Beckley Psytech (London, UK) and Boehringer Ingelheim. He is cofounder and shareholder of the Mind and Brain Institute GmbH (Zornheim, Germany), OVID Health Systems GmbH, OVID Clinic Berlin GmbH, OVID Beteiligungsgesellschaft GmbH, the OVID Tagesklinik GmbH & Co. KG, and the MIND Foundation GmbH (all in Berlin, Germany).

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The model and data analyses were conducted entirely on previously published data. As no new data were collected from human participants or animals, ethics approval and informed consent were not required.