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Authors
Xu, Jinglei
Du, Xin
Zhai, Ying
Zhao, Qiyu https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2960-3024
Zhang, Yang
Wang, Haolin
Wu, Yue
Peng, Yanmin
Liu, Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-4222
Zhang, Quan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-2401
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2025
Revised: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The T2DM data collection was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (approval number: IRB2020-YX-009-01), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Additionally, written informed consent for the publication of identifiable images was obtained from all participants whose images are included in this article. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
