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Authors
Wang, Zuxing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-9422
Dou, Yikai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-3206
Yang, Xiao
Guo, Xiaoyun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2738-3868
Ma, Xiaohong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-9946
Zhou, Bo
Zhang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3113-9577
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Revised: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was not required for this study because it used only publicly available, anonymized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. No individual–level identifiers were accessed, and no direct contact with human participants occurred.
