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Chang, K. M.
Khan, Y. T.
Radecki, M. A.
Dorschmidt, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-1104
Hampton, S.
Aydin, E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-053X
Allison, C.
Tait, R.
Bethlehem, R. A. I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-0685
Kyriakopoulou, V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9883-0314
Austin, T.
Suckling, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5098-1527
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Baron-Cohen, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9217-2544
Funding for this research was provided by:
Simons Foundation (RNAG/669)
Wellcome Trust
Article History
Received: 8 January 2025
Revised: 17 August 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The dHCP study was reviewed and approved by United Kingdom Health Research Authority (Research Ethics Committee reference number: 14/LO/1169). The CHILD study was reviewed and approved by East of England - Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee (Reference: 12/EE/0393). Written informed consent to participate in both studies was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.