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Authors
Ye, Kuanghao
Cao, Yu
Wu, Yunhao
Ning, Chuanbin
Wang, Duanwei
Guo, Huihui
Wang, Yuhan
Zhang, Yingying
Qiu, Xian
Li, Nan
Wu, Guisen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-7287
Sun, Bomin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5931-2197
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Revised: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Competing interests
: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32571273), the SJTU Trans-med Awards Research (2019015), the Nursing Development Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUHLXK2022), 2024 Shanghai Ruijin Hospital Nursing Research Fund (RJHK-2024-001), and 2024 Shanghai Nursing Association Research Fund (2024MS-B13).
: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The study protocol was approved by the Ruijin Hospital Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Reference No. 202152). Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal representatives prior to enrollment in the study.
