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Authors
Shou, Qiulu
Yamashita, Masatoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-7275
Mizuno, Yoshifumi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-352X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21K02380, 24K21453)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24K16647)
MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K12814)
Kawano Masanori Memorial Public Interest Incorporated Foundation
the University of Fukui
the Life Science Innovation Center the University of Fukui
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2024
Revised: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures of the ABCD Study were approved by a central Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of California, San Diego, and as well as by an individual site IRB at Rutgers University (Pro2022001743). The University of Fukui’s Research Ethics Committee approved the data analysis (Assurance no. FU-20210067). Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians after a full explanation of the study procedures, and assent was secured from all child participants prior to their enrollment. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
