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Authors
Zhang, Xiangyu
Bo, Yacong
Li, Zeyang
Xu, Yi
Wang, Jing
Wang, Xiaoyu
Zhang, Huanhuan
Zhang, Junxi
Huang, Jia
Tao, Yuchang
Yu, Zengli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-0472
Liu, Hongyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-5814
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Article History
Received: 4 January 2025
Revised: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University. The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of London Multi-Centre Research. The Health and Retirement Study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the University of Michigan. Informed consent was obtained from each subject in these three cohorts.
