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Authors
Milecki, Leo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-8839
Gonzalez, Camila
Adeli, Ehsan
Nooner, Kate B.
Sabuncu, Mert R.
Kuceyeski, Amy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5050-8342
Zhao, Qingyu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2024 Stanford HAI Hoffman-Yee Grant
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (MH123232, AA028840)
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (Young Investigator Grant)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2025
Revised: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study (), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). Most ABCD research sites rely on a central Institutional Review Board (cIRB) at the University of California, San Diego (IRB #160091) for the ethical review and approval of the research protocol, with a few sites obtaining local IRB approval. Informed consent was obtained from all parents or guardians, and assent was obtained from all child participants. Recruitment procedures and details are fully documented in prior publications (, ). For this manuscript, we utilized data from the ABCD 5.1 Data Release (). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
