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Authors
Zhang, Xiayin
Wang, Shan
Wang, Yan
Jia, Fujun
Wagner, Siegfried K.
Wang, Yujie
Li, Qinyi
Ran, Anran
Li, Cong
Cao, Jiahui
Yang, Yuan
Hu, Yijun
Liu, Lei https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1807-7296
Cheung, Carol Y.
Keane, Pearse A.
Cheng, Ching-Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-885X
Yang, Xiaohong
Zhu, Zhuoting
Yu, Honghua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-346X
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Revised: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Competing interests
: Dr. PA Keane has acted as a consultant for Retina Consultants of America, Topcon, Roche, Boehringer-Ingleheim, and Bitfount and is an equity owner in Big Picture Medical; he has received speaker fees from Zeiss, Novartis, Gyroscope, Boehringer-Ingleheim, Apellis, Roche, Abbvie, Topcon, and Hakim Group; he has received travel support from Bayer, Topcon, and Roche, he has attended advisory boards for Topcon, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingleheim, RetinAI, and Novartis. Dr. CY Cheng is a consultant for Medi-Whale.
: The UK Biobank was approved by the UK National Health Service National Research Ethics Service (Ref 11/NW/0382) and obtained the informed consent of all participants. Details of the definitions, protocols, and methods used in the study can be found on the UK Biobank website ( ). This project was conducted under UK Biobank application ID#86091. The ethical approval of GD-OPHS study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (approval number: KY-Q-2022-145-03), and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
