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Authors
Oshri, Assaf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-1591
Howard, Cullin J. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3877-2916
Kogan, Steven M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9562-5980
Zhang, Linhao
Geier, Charles F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-9543
Bauer, Brian W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-4100
House, Ellen https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8611-0389
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA055630-01, R01 DA058334-01A1, P50DA051361)
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2025
Revised: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Study procedures for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were approved by the Institutional Review Boards at each of the 21 participating sites, including the University of California, San Diego IRB, which serves as the central IRB (reference number: IRB #160091). Parents/guardians provided informed consent, and children provided informed assent prior to participation. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study. No identifiable images or personal details of participants are presented in this manuscript.
