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Authors
Johnston, Jenessa N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986-3179
Yuan, Peixiong
Kadriu, Bashkim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-9451
Akula, Nirmala
Quintanilla, Brandi
Peng, Shiyong
Jones, Greg H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-1077
Schulmann, Anton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6323-4969
Yavi, Mani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8387-4720
Henter, Ioline D.
McMahon, Francis J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9469-305X
Kalynchuk, Lisa E.
Zarate, Carlos A. Jr.
Caruncho, Hector J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4614-9495
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002857)
Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Revised: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Competing interests
: Dr. Zarate is listed as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of ketamine in major depression and suicidal ideation; as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of (2 R ,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine, ( S )-dehydronorketamine, and other stereoisomeric dehydroxylated and hydroxylated metabolites of ( R,S )-ketamine in the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain; and as a co-inventor on a patent application for the use of (2 R ,6 R )-hydroxynorketamine and (2 S ,6 S )-hydroxynorketamine in the treatment of depression, anxiety, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and post-traumatic stress disorder. He has assigned his patent rights to the U.S. government but will share a percentage of any royalties that may be received by the government. Dr. Kadriu is presently employed full-time by and holds shares in Bristol Myers Squibb. He has previously been employed by Johnson & Johnson and Jazz Pharmaceuticals, where he also maintains share ownership. All other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose, financial or otherwise.
: All participants enrolled in the parent clinical trial at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NCT02484456) provided written informed consent before taking part in the study, which was approved by the NIH Institutional Review Board.
