Fu, Wenjuan
Wang, Yifan
Li, Wanyi
Meng, Yujia
Dang, Jiaqi
Yuan, Kai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3098-1124
Duan, Haijun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-2716
Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Revised: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The experiment was conducted in strict accordance with national laws and regulations. The experimental methods used were non-invasive to the participants. The entire process was supervised by and approved through the Ethics Committee of the Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University (Ethics Approval No.: L20240905-01).