Kim, Min Ji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-8811
Gunn, Sophia
Wang, Dong
Shiau, Fion https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-6562
Lazcano, Pedro
Mann, J. John
Singh, TJ
Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Revised: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Competing interests
: Dr. Mann receives royalties for commercial use of the C-SSRS from the Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene and from Columbia University for the Columbia Pathways App.The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
: All methods followed relevant guidelines and regulations. Public GWAS summary statistics are de-identified and require no additional ethics approval. All other data sources (including consortium GWAS data and UK Biobank) were collected under their respective IRB/ethics approvals with informed consent.