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Article History

Received: 18 March 2024

Revised: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: DJN is the CRO of Awakn Life Sciences, chair of DrugScience [UK] and PAREA Europe, a member of the Lundbeck Foundation Neurotorium programme and chair of its editorial board, advisor to the British National Formulary and a member of the International Centre for Science in Drug Policy. He has received grants or clinical trial payments from Wellcome Trust, MRC, COMPASS Pathways and Usona, speaking honoraria from Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka and Rovi, has share options in P1vital, Awakn, Psyched Wellness and Neurotherapeutics and is a director of Equasy Enterprises and GABA Labs. He has been an expert witness in a number of legal cases relating to psychotropic drugs, is editor of the Drug Science Policy and Law Journal and has edited/written 38 books, some of which have been purchased by pharmaceutical companies. ALH has done consultancy work for Indivior and Astra Zeneca paid into her Institutional account. She has received Honoraria paid into her Institutional account for speaking and Chairing engagements from Lundbeck, Lundbeck Institute UK, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Servier; received research grants or support from Lundbeck, GSK; unrestricted funds support from Alcarelle for a PhD; consulted by Silence, NET Device Corps, Sanofi-Aventis and also consulted by but received no monies from Britannia Pharmaceuticals, GLG, Opiant, Lightlake and Dobrin. She is currently Chair of the Addiction Mission, Office of Life Sciences, UK Government. LMP has done consultancy work for Indivior (paid) and GABA Labs Ltd (formerly Alcarelle, unpaid). RGH is the non-executive director of, owns stock in, and receives compensation from Addex, a biotech company investigating treatments for substance use disorder. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest in relation to this paper.