Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Spaulding, Isabella G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-4358
Stein, Murray B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Taylor, Charles T.
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship Program)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R61MH113769)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (R33MH113769)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (ULTR001442)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Revised: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Competing interests
: Isabella G. Spaulding declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Charles T. Taylor declares that in the past 3 years he has been a paid consultant for Bionomics, atai Life Sciences, and Engrail Therapeutics and receives payment for editorial work for UpToDate. Murray B. Stein declares that in the past 3 years he has received consulting income from Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Aptinyx, atai Life Sciences, BigHealth, Biogen, Bionomics, BioXcel Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clexio, Delix Therapeutics, Eisai, EmpowerPharm, Engrail Therapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NeuroTrauma Sciences, PureTech Health, Sage Therapeutics, Sumitomo Pharma, and Roche/Genentech. Dr. Stein has stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and EpiVario. He has been paid for his editorial work on Depression and Anxiety (Editor-in-Chief), Biological Psychiatry (Deputy Editor), and UpToDate (Co-Editor-in-Chief for Psychiatry). He has also received research support from NIH, Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Department of Defense. He is on the scientific advisory board for the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America.
