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Authors
Sforza, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0755-8758
Morin, Charles M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-8895
Dang-Vu, Thien Thanh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-2721
Pomares, Florence B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-9825
Perrault, Aurore A.
Gouin, Jean-Philippe
Bušková, Jitka
Janků, Karolina
Vgontzas, Alexandros
Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio
Bastien, Celyne H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-9125
Riemann, Dieter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-6220
Baglioni, Chiara
Carollo, Giacomo
Casoni, Francesca
Zucconi, Marco
Castronovo, Vincenza
Galbiati, Andrea
Ferini-Strambi, Luigi
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Revised: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Competing interests
: MS: none. CMM: Eisai, Idorsia, Lallemand Health, Mapi Research Trust, Haleon. TTD: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Weston Family Foundation, Hypersomnia Foundation, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Paladin Labs, Eisai, Idorsia. FBP: none. AAP: Concordia Horizon Fellowship, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire Geriatrique de Montreal (CRIUGM) Postdoctoral Fellowship. JPG: none. JB: none. KJ: none. AV: none. JFM: none. CHB: none. DR: none. CB: Italian Ministry for University and Research, European Sleep Research Society, Idorsia. GC: none. FC: Bruno Farmaceutici, Italfarmaco, Polifarma, Viatris, Vivisol. MZ: none. VC: none. AG: Idorsia. LFS: none.
: All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review boards of all participating centers, in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study was conducted within a multicenter research protocol approved by the coordinating center’s Ethics Committee at San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy (approval number 188/INT/2020), which explicitly included all participating satellite centers.
