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Article History

Received: 5 March 2025

Revised: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 30 January 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Participant consent statement and ethics approval

: Informed consent was obtained from all UK Biobank participants by the UK Biobank. Procedures are controlled by a dedicated Ethics and Guidance Council ( ), with the Ethics and Governance Framework available at . IRB approval was also obtained from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee. Our research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 12505. This research is covered by The University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee approval (HREC number 2020/HE002938). Written informed consent of the DEP-ARREST CLIN participants was obtained after the nature of the procedures had been fully explained.

: Competing financial interests related to the present article: none to disclose for all authors. Competing financial interests unrelated to the present article: Olivier Colliot reports having received consulting fees from Therapanacea. Olivier Colliot reports that other principal investigators affiliated to the team which he co-leads have received grants (paid to the institution) from Sanofi and Biogen. Olivier Colliot reports that his spouse was an employee of myBrainTechnologies and is an employee of DiamPark. Olivier Colliot holds a patent registered at the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (PCT/IB2016/0526993, Allassonniere S, Colliot O, Durrleman S, Schiratti J-B, A method for determining the temporal progression of a biological phenomenon and associated methods and devices) (2017). Olivier Colliot has submitted a declaration of invention to the European Patent Office (File Number: EP23306632, Ayache N, Colliot O, Hamzaoui M, Soulier T, Stankoff B, Devices for generation of synthetic 3D representation representative of myelin content, Submitted to the European Patent Office on September 28th, 2023).