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Authors
Krakowski, Kamil https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1414-0321
Oliver, Dominic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-3407
Arribas, Maite https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-3493
Logeswaran, Yanakan
de Micheli, Andrea
Patel, Rashmi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9259-8788
Stahl, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-6619
Fusar-Poli, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-6788
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Revised: 21 December 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Competing interests
: MA (Grant No. MR/ N013700/1) and YL Council (MR/W006820/1) are supported by the UK Medical Research Council and King’s College London member of the Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Partnership in Biomedical Sciences. DS and PF-P were partly funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHCR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the (NIHCR) or the Department of Health and Social Care. MA has been employed by F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG outside of the current study. PF-P has received research fees from Lundbeck and honoraria from Lundbeck, Angelini, Menarini, and Boehringer Ingelheim outside the current study. All other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
: The methods used in this study were performed in accordance to the TRIPOD + AI [ ] and RECORD [ ] guidelines. The data extracted for the purposes of this study were obtained from CRIS, which received ethical approval as an anonymised dataset for secondary analyses from Oxfordshire REC C (Ref: 23/SC/0257).
