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Authors
Huggett, Spencer B.
Selveraj, Sharmila
McGeary, John E.
Ikeda, Ami S.
Yuan, Emerald
Loeffel, Lauren B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-089X
Palmer, Rohan H. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6809-9962
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (DP1DA042103)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA037927)
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2025
Revised: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The findings and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors, and do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and do not represent any US Government determination, position, or policy.
: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study involved secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data. No new data were collected from human participants, and the authors did not have access to identifiable private information. As such, ethics committee approval was not required for this work under applicable institutional and/or national research ethics guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the original studies by the original study investigators, as described in the corresponding primary publications and/or data repository documentation.
