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Authors
Preziosa, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-0019
Azzimonti, Matteo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7333-6046
Storelli, Loredana
Valsasina, Paola
Tedone, Nicolò https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2065-9764
Margoni, Monica
Filippi, Massimo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-0479
Rocca, Maria A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2358-4320
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero della Salute (PNRR-MAD-2022-12376530)
Ministero della Salute (PNRR-MAD-2022-12376530)
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Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Revised: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests in relation to this work. Potential conflicts of interest outside the submitted work are as follows: P. Preziosa received speaker honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genzyme, Horizon and Sanofi, he has received research support from Italian Ministry of Health and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. M. Azzimonti, L. Storelli, P. Valsasina, and N. Tedone have nothing to disclose. M. Margoni reports grants and personal fees from Sanofi Genzyme, Merck Serono, Roche, Biogen and Novartis. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology , Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences , and Radiology ; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. M.A. Rocca received consulting fees from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche, and speaker honoraria from AstraZaneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bromatech, Celgene, Genzyme, Horizon Therapeutics Italy, Merck Serono SpA, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Teva; she receives research support from the MS Society of Canada, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. She is Associate Editor for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders ; and Associate Co-Editor for Europe and Africa for Multiple Sclerosis Journal .
