Luo, Zhanjie
Li, Weicheng
Xu, Yubing
Shen, Junhao
Wang, Chengyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-332X
Lan, Xiaofeng
Liu, Guanxi
Luo, Zhanhui
Hou, Zhaoyi
Mai, Siming
Zhang, Muqin
Sun, Xiangdong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-1463
Lu, Hanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-258X
Zhou, Yanling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-9394
Ning, Yuping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-2782
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471546)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82322024)
Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Revised: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of 25 hospitals in the REST-meta-MDD Project from the DIRECT Consortium. All participants provided written informed consent.