Kranz, Thorsten M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-9308
McNeill, Rhiannon V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3297-9212
Jacob, Christian P.
Ahrens, Kira F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3249-0409
Neumann, Rebecca J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-9425
Plichta, Michael M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7161-0688
Kollmann, Bianca https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4894-2756
Streit, Fabian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-4339
Tüscher, Oliver https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4023-5301
Lieb, Klaus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9609-4261
Weber, Heike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-1292
Romanos, Marcel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-8299
Lesch, Klaus-Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-153X
Reif, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-634X
Kittel-Schneider, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-6150
Ziegler, Georg C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9411-3169
Funding for this research was provided by:
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ADHD across the Lifespan Network)
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ADHD across the Lifespan Network)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 1193 subproject Z03)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRU 125)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (728018 (Eat2beNICE))
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (667302 (CoCA))
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (728018 (Eat2beNICE))
Article History
Received: 17 January 2025
Revised: 12 March 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 4 April 2026
Competing interests
: CPJ received speakers’ fees from derCampus, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly and Co, Shire, Novartis, and Medice. AR has received honoraria for lectures and/or advisory boards from Janssen, Boehringer Ingelheim, COMPASS, SAGE/Biogen, LivaNova, Medice, Shire/Takeda, MSD and cyclerion. Also, he has received research grants from Medice and Janssen. SKS has received speaker’s honoraria from Takeda, Medice and Janssen. None of the other authors reports any financial conflict of interest related to this work.