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Authors
Zhao, Sijia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6246-0702
Ye, Rong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2529-7755
Tang, Qian-Yuan
Attaallah, Bahaaeddin
Toniolo, Sofia
Saleh, Youssuf
Rouse, Matthew A.
Garrard, Peter
Broulidakis, M. John
Thompson, Sian
Manohar, Sanjay G.
Irani, Sarosh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7667-9748
Ang, Yuen-Siang
Lockwood, Patricia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-9559
Apps, Matthew A. J.
Hu, Panpan
Wang, Kai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-914X
Rowe, James B.
Le Heron, Campbell
Husain, Masud
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2025
Revised: 11 March 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 8 April 2026
Competing interests
: S.R.I. has received honoraria and/or research support from Amgen, Argenx, UCB, Roche, Janssen, IQVIA, Clarivate, Slingshot Insights, Cerebral Therapeutics, BioHaven Therapeutics, CSL Behring, and ONO Pharma. S.R.I. also receives licensed royalties on patent application WO/2010/046716 entitled Neurological Autoimmune Disorders, and has filed two other patents entitled Diagnostic Method and Therapy (WO2019211633; US App 17/051,930; PCT application WO202189788A1) and Biomarkers (WO202189788A1; US App 18/279,624; PCT/GB2022/050614). All other authors declare no competing interests.
: Data from both healthy participants and patient cohorts were collected across multiple centres under separate local ethical approvals. Due to these ethical restrictions, not all data can be shared publicly. Patient data are available upon reasonable request, subject to approval from the original data providers (i.e. the researchers responsible for data collection) and compliance with relevant ethical, legal, and confidentiality requirements.
