Taylor, JE https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8225-0019
Oka, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6403-183X
Murakami, M.
Motegi, T.
Yamada, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-4101
Kawashima, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-451X
Kobayashi, Y. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6865-5188
Yoshihara, Y.
Miyata, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-1975
Murai, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6550-8188
Kawato, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-1197
Cortese, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4567-0924
Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Revised: 16 March 2026
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Competing interests
: MK is an inventor of patents related to functional connectivity neurofeedback. The original assignee of the patents is ATR, with which the authors are affiliated. We have no other conflicts of interest.
: Participants all provided written informed consent on each day of screening and experimentation prior to commencement. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Review Board of Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Japan (Ethics No. 132, 172) and by the Kyoto University Certified Review Board (YC0849) and the Committee on Medical Ethics of Kyoto University (C0849). All experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of these Ethics Committees. This research was conducted in association with research registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs052180169) and the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000015249).