Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 August 2025

Revised: 20 March 2026

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 16 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The ABCD study was approved by the central (University of California, San Diego) and the local institutional review boards at University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Colorado, Boulder, University of Minnesota, the Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Oregon Health and Science University, University of Vermont, University of Pittsburgh, Virginia Commonwealth University, University of Rochester, University of Florida, Medical University of South Carolina, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of Utah, SRI International, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Florida International University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Yale University. All parents or legal guardians provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study, and children provided verbal assent. Participants and their families received financial compensation for their time.